I am sure that the Working Groups page of the wiki is not supposed to teach English grammar. (Though teaching by example would be appreciated, I guess.)<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>
From: <b class="gmail_sendername">PBwiki Changebot</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:do-not-reply@pbwiki.com">do-not-reply@pbwiki.com</a>></span><br>Date: Tue, Mar 31, 2009 at 5:41 AM<br>Subject: openid was edited<br>
To: <a href="mailto:breno@google.com">breno@google.com</a><br><br><br><div style="margin: 1em; background: rgb(255, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: tahoma,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
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<b>New!</b> You can change which pages you are notified about. <a href="http://wiki.openid.net/user/96851e646ee210cc13a02aaa007c22aed07c6676?r=notification" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);" target="_blank">Learn more</a>.</div>
<h1 style="margin: 0pt; display: inline; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.25em; font-family: Arial;">Recently changed pages on <b><a href="http://wiki.openid.net/" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);" target="_blank">openid</a></b></h1>
<div style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-size: 0.9em; margin-bottom: 1em;">
<ul style="margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 0pt;">
<li><a href="#1205c8d3ab88e641_page-Working%20Groups" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">Working Groups</a></li>
<li><a href="#1205c8d3ab88e641_page-english%20paper" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);">english paper</a></li>
</ul>
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<div style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 221, 238); padding: 1em; background: rgb(238, 248, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-bottom: 1em;">
<h2 style="margin: 0pt; font-size: 1.1em; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://wiki.openid.net/Working-Groups?r=notification" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);" name="1205c8d3ab88e641_page-Working Groups" target="_blank">Working Groups</a></h2>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0pt 0pt; font-size: 0.8em; color: rgb(119, 119, 119);">edited by Eknath (<a href="mailto:epawde@mypbwiki.com" target="_blank">epawde@mypbwiki.com</a>)</p>
<div style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 221, 238); margin: 1em 0pt; padding: 1em; background: rgb(255, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-size: 0.9em;">
<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);">The OpenID community using Working Groups</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;">English grammar<br>
1. Adverbs tell how (“eagerly”),</i> when<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> it comes to doing technical work. You do</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> (“lately,” “often”), where (“there,” “outside”), how much (“very,” “too”), and why (“therefore”).<br>
2. Adverbs usually modify verbs, other adverbs, or adjectives.<br>Bob drives carefully . (“Carefully” modifies the verb “drives.”)<br>Bob drives very carefully. (“Very” modifies the adverb “carefully.”)<br>Bob is quite tall. (“Quite” modifies the adjective “tall.”)<br>
3. Adverbs are often “adjective +
-ly”:<br>patient--patiently<br>careless--carelessly<br>expensive--expensively<br>probable--probably<br>certain--certainly<br>happy--happily<br>honest--honestly<br>personal--personally<br>real--really<br>direct--directly<br>
fair-fairly<br>serious--seriously<br>4. But</i> not<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> need to</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> all adverbs end in –ly:<br>
again, ago, all, almost, also, always, any, anyhow, anymore, anyplace, anytime, anyway, anywhere, better, best, enough, far, farther, fast, further, furthest, here, how, inside, just, later, maybe, more, most, much, never, next, now, often, once, outside, quite, rather, slow (also slowly), so, some, somehow, sometime, sometimes, somewhat, still, straight, there, therefore, too, very, well, what, whatever, when, whence, whenever, where, whereby, wherein, wherever, yet.<br>
5. Not all words that end in -ly are automatically adverbs;<br>“friendly,” “li!
kely,”
“lonely,” and “lovely” are adjectives.<br>“Early” can</i> be<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> a member</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> an adjective OR an adverb.<br>
6. “Fast,” “slow,” “quick,” “early,” and “straight” are examples</i> of<i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> other words that can be adjectives AND adverbs, BUT have</i> the<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> Foundation to participate in or lead</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> same meaning:<br>
Sara walks fast. (adverb) = Sara is</i> a<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> Working Group, but must agree to</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> fast walker. (adjective).<br>
The early bus (adjective) =</i> the<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> IPR Policy. This is designed to allow anyone to participate in technology
development while ensuring</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> bus</i> that<i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> arrives early (adverb).<br>
7. Most adverbs, like adjectives, can be compared using “more” and “most”: sharply--more sharply--most sharply. One- syllable adverbs are compared using “-er” and “-est”: straight--straighter--straightest.<br>Some adverbs are irregular:<br>
well--better--best,<br>badly (ill)--worse--worst,<br>much--more--most,<br>little--less--least,<br>far--farther (further)--farthest (furthest).<br>2. Passive Voice<br>ACTIVE PASSIVE<br>Simple present:<br>Sam kicks</i> the<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> specifications remain freely implementable by anyone.<br>
Specs council's mail address is: <a href="mailto:specs-council@openid.net" target="_blank">specs-council@openid.net</a><br>Forming a Working Group<br>To form a Working Group (WG), simple majority vote requires</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0);">
ball. The ball is kicked by Sam.<br>Sam pets</i> the<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> greater of 20% of</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> cats. The cats are petted by Sam.<br>
Sam visits me. I am visited by Sam.<br>Simple past:<br>Sam kicked</i> the<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> members or 20 members.<br>
Since number</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> ball. The ball was kicked by Sam.<br>
Sam kicked the cats. The cats were kicked by Sam.<br>Simple future:<br>Sam will kick the ball. The ball will be kicked by Sam.<br>Sam will kick the cats. The cats will be kicked by Sam. (no change)<br>Present perfect:<br>
Sam has kicked the ball.The ball has been kicked by Sam.<br>Sam has kicked the cats. The cats have been kicked by Sam.<br>Past perfect:<br>Sam had kicked the ball.The ball had been kicked by Sam.<br>Sam had kicked the cats. The cats had been kicked by Sam. (no change)<br>
Future
perfect:<br>Sam will have kicked the ball. The ball will have been kicked by Sam.<br>Sam will have kicked the cats. The cats will have been kicked by Sam. (no change)<br>PROGRESSIVE TENSES (the passive forms</i> of the<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> members</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> last 4 tenses below are rarely, if ever, used)<br>
ACTIVE PASSIVE<br>Simple present:<br>Sam is kicking the ball. The ball is being kicked by Sam.<br>Sam is petting the cats. The cats are being petted by Sam.<br>Simple past:<br>Sam was kicking the ball. The ball was being kicked by Sam.<br>
Sam was kicking the cats. The cats were being kicked by Sam.<br>Simple future:<br>Sam will be kicking the ball. The ball will be being kicked by Sam.<br>Sam will be kicking the cats. The cats will be being kicked by Sam.<br>
Present perfect:<br>Sam has been kicking the ball. The ball has been being kicked by Sam.<br>Sam has been kicking the cats. The cats !
have
been being kicked by Sam.<br>Past perfect:<br>Sam had been kicking the ball. The ball had been being kicked by Sam.<br>Sam had been kicking the cats. The cats had been being kicked by Sam.<br>Future perfect:<br>Sam will have been kicking the ball. The ball will have been being kicked by Sam.<br>
Sam will have been kicking the cats. The cats will have been being kicked by Sam.<br>3. SIMPLE TENSES<br>A. Simple present = base form: I work. OR base form + -s: He works. She works. It works. OR base form + -es : I watch / she watches; I study / he studies<br>
1. A general truth.<br>The sky is blue.<br>2. A typical activity.<br>I always brush after I eat.<br>Bob watches TV every night.<br>Sara works 5 days a week.<br>3. A statement</i> of<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> OIDF exceeds 100 as</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> something existing at the time</i> of<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> Dec. 2008,</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> speaking.<br>
I hear</i> the<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> former criteria applies.<br>
Current Working Groups<br>OpenID Provider Authentication Policy Extension (PAPE)<br>Status: Published Draft 7 for public review (2008-10-23 to 2008-12-22).<br>Mailing List: <a href="http://openid.net/mailman/listinfo/specs-pape" target="_blank">http://openid.net/mailman/listinfo/specs-pape</a><br>
Proposed Working Groups<br>Membership Vote (7 days)<br>OAuth Hybrid Extension<br>Status: Recommended by the Specifications Council. Pending Foundation Membership vote.<br>First Submitted:2009-01-13<br>Membership Vote Began:2009-02-20<br>
Contract Exchange Extension 1.0<br>Status: Draft charter sent to Stewards Council for approval after discussion</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> train coming.<br>
I smell smoke.<br>4. A scheduled event or activity.<br>My plane leaves</i> at<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> IIW.<br>
First Submitted: 2008-10-30, Revision Su!
bmitted:
2008-11-13, 2009-01-15<br>Membership Vote Began: 2009-02-20<br>Notice Period (14 days)<br>None<br>Under Spec Council Review (max. 15 days)<br>Attribute Exchange Extension 2.0<br>Status: Draft charter submitted for consideration by the specs council.<br>
First Submitted: 2008-12-18, Revision Submitted: 2009-01-12<br>User Interface Workgroup<br>Status: Draft charter submitted for consideration by the specs council.<br>First Submitted: 2008-02-21<br>Draft Charter Circulation<br>
Authentication 2.1<br>Status: Draft charter circulated</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> 8:30 tomorrow.<br>
B. Simple past = base form + -ed</i> for<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> feedback. Pending updates before it is submitted</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> regular verbs : I worked yesterday. The simple past</i> for<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> approval.<br>
Simple Registration Extension 1.1<br>Status:
Specification</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> irregular verbs varies : He ate lunch at noon. (irregular verb)<br>
1. An activity</i> begun<i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> and completed at a particular time in the past.<br>
I went to work yesterday morning.<br>2. Commonly used with “after” and “before” clauses.<br>After Bob ate dinner, he drove to CEC.<br>The students arrived in class</i> before the<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> new IPR Policy (Draft 1), a draft charter should</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> teacher.<br>
3. “Used to” = past habits (used to + base form)<br>I used to ride horses when I was a kid.<br>C. Simple future = will + base form: I will work tomorrow. He will eat dinner later. OR am / is / are + (going to + base form): I am going to work tomorrow. She is going to eat dinner at Al’s Restaurant. We are going to study Unit 1 tonigh!
t.<br>1.
A future event or activity.<br>Our break will begin at 8:10.<br>I will study later.<br>I’m going to study later.<br>2. Use will (not: going to) to volunteer.<br>A. Wait a second. I will help you with that sofa. If you try to move it by yourself, your back will</i> be<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> written and circulated</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> out</i> for<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> feedback.<br>
Discovery<br>Status: Draft charter submitted</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> a week.<br>
3. Use going to (not: will) with a preconceived plan.<br>I’m going to mow my lawn tomorrow.<br>D. Present perfect = have + past participle : I have worked. I have eaten. OR has + past participle: She has worked. She has eaten.<br>
1. An activity that began in the past and continues into the present , often using “since, ” “since...ago,” or “for”:<br>“since” = a part!
icular
time: I have / She has studied English since 1997.<br>“since...ago” = a particular time: I’ve / She’s studied English since 5 years ago.<br>“for” = a duration of time: I’ve / She’s studied English</i> for<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> consideration by the specs council.<br>
Under Discussion<br>Email Based Identifier Exploration<br>Status: Consensus</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> 5 years.<br>
2. A repeated activity.<br>I have / He has gone to ESL class every day this week.<br>3. An activity that occurred</i> at<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> IIW</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> an unspecified time in the past.<br>
A. Have you ever visited New York? B. No, but I have visited New Orleans.<br>4. An activity in a time clause (e.g., when..., while..., after...)</i> that<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> this should</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-style: normal;"> ends before the main clause activity begins.<br>
I will go to the movie after I have studied Unit 1.<br>4 .PROGRESSIVE TENSES<br>A. Present progressive = am + (base form + -ing) : I am working. OR is + (base form + -ing) : She is eating. OR are + (base form + -ing) : We are studying.<br>
1. A planned activity.<br>Sofia is starting school at CEC tomorrow<br>2. An activity that is occurring right now.<br>Jan is watching TV right now.<br>3. An activity that is in progress, although not actually occurring at the time of speaking.<br>
Sara is learning English at CEC.<br>B. Past progressive = was + (base form + -ing) : I was working. OR were + (base form + -ing) : They were eating.<br>1. A past activity in progress while another activity occurred.<br>At 6:00 yesterday I was eating dinner.<br>
The phone rang while I was eating.<br>2. Two past activities in progress at the same time.<br>While I was answering the phone, my wife was cooking dinner.<br>C. Future
progressive = will be + (base form + -ing): I will be working. He will be eating.<br>An activity that will</i> be<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> it's own Working Group, a draft charter should</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> in progress.<br>
Tomorrow Sam will</i> be<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> written</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> studying for the test on Unit 1.<br>
D. Present perfect progressive = have + (base form + -ing): I have been working. OR has + (base form + -ing): She has been eating.<br>1. This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that began in the past</i> and<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> circulated</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> continues into the present. It often uses time words or phrases. It may be used to refer to continuing activity that is recent.<br>
He has been painting houses all
summer.<br>I’ve been studying English</i> for<strike style="background: rgb(255, 221, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(170, 0, 0);"> feedback.<br>
OpenID Data Transport Protocol<br>Service Key Discovery<br>Messages<br>EAUT (draft)<br>Mobile Phone Profile</strike><i style="background: rgb(221, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 170, 0); font-style: normal;"> 2 years.<br>
2. It may be used to refer to continuing activity that is recent.<br>He has been going to school at CEC.<br>E. Past perfect progressive = had + (base form + -ing) : I had been working. He had been eating.<br>When the teacher arrived, I had been waiting almost 10 minutes.<br>
He was out of breath because he had been running to catch the bus.<br>F. Future perfect progressive = will have + (base form + -ing): I will have been working. She will have been eating.<br>This tense emphasizes the duration of a continuing activity in the future that ends before another activity or time in the future.<br>
By 2003 Janet will have been studying English at CEC for 3 years.<br>By 9:45 tonight I will ha!
ve been
sitting in class for 2 hours and 45 minutes.<br>E. Past perfect = had + past participle : I had worked. She had eaten.<br>An activity in the past that ended before another activity in the past.<br>e.g. They had already gone to Lab by the time I arrived.<br>
F. Future perfect = will have + past participle : I will have worked. She will have eaten.<br>An activity in the future that will end before another activity in the future.<br>e.g. They will have left Lab by the time I arrive.<br>
1. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND: (e.g., I enjoy swimming. NOT I enjoy to swim. NOT I enjoy swim.)<br>admit<br>advise<br>appreciate<br>avoid<br>believe<br>can’t help<br>choose<br>confess<br>consider<br>debate<br>delay<br>deny<br>
discuss<br>dislike<br>enjoy<br>escape<br>favor<br>feel like<br>finish<br>get around to<br>get out of<br>give<br>go<br>imagine<br>include<br>keep on<br>know<br>look forward to<br>make<br>mention<br>mind<br>miss<br>picture<br>
postpone<br>put
off<br>protest<br>practice<br>quit<br>recall<br>recommend<br>regret<br>remember<br>resent<br>resist<br>risk<br>stop<br>succeed in<br>suggest<br>take up<br>work at<br>2. VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE: (e.g., He wants to swim. NOT He wants swimming. NOT He wants swim.)<br>
decide<br>expect<br>forget<br>have<br>hope<br>know how<br>need<br>plan<br>promise<br>wait<br>want<br>would like<br>3. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE: (e.g., She begins swimming. OR She begins to swim. NOT She begins swim.)<br>
afford<br>attempt<br>begin<br>bother<br>choose<br>continue<br>dread<br>forget<br>hate<br>intend<br>like<br>love<br>hate<br>neglect<br>regret<br>remember<br>stand<br>start<br>stop<br>try<br>TRANSITIONAL PHRASES<br>Transitional words and phrases keep the reader “on track.” They kep the reader understand the relationship between one idea or statement and subsequent ones.<br>
1. Adding ideas:<br>besides<br>for example (e.g.)<br>for instance<br>furthermore<br>in addition<br>!
in
fact<br>indeed<br>likewise<br>moreover<br>once more<br>similarly<br>that is (i.e.)<br>then, too<br>2. As expected:<br>as a matter of fact<br>for that matter<br>it follows that<br>naturally<br>obviously<br>of course<br>surely<br>
to be sure<br>3. Cause and effect:<br>accordingly<br>and so<br>and that’s why<br>as a consequence<br>as a result<br>as might be expected<br>consequently<br>for this reason<br>hence<br>since<br>then<br>therefore<br>thus<br>
4. Contrast:<br>at the same time<br>conversely<br>despite<br>however<br>in spite of<br>nevertheless<br>nonetheless<br>notwithstanding<br>not at all<br>on the contrary<br>on the other hand<br>still<br>unlike<br>yet<br>5. Concession:<br>
although<br>but of course<br>certainly<br>doubtless<br>granted that<br>of course<br>though<br>to be sure<br>to doubt that<br>whereas<br>6. Degrees of certainty:<br>anyhow<br>anyway<br>certainly<br>doubtless<br>in all likelihood<br>
in all probability<br>in any
case<br>indeed<br>perhaps<br>possibly<br>probably<br>surely<br>7. Qualification:<br>especially<br>frequently<br>if<br>in case<br>in general<br>in particular<br>inasmuch<br>lest<br>occasionally<br>particularly<br>provided that<br>
specifically<br>unless<br>8. Repetition:<br>as noted<br>as noted earlier<br>as we have seen<br>besides<br>in any case<br>in fact<br>in other words<br>indeed<br>to put it another way<br>to repeat<br>9. Summary:<br>all in all<br>
finally<br>in a word<br>in brief<br>in conclusion<br>in short<br>in summary<br>in summation<br>on the whole<br>therefore<br>to conclude<br>to make a long story short<br>to sum it up<br>to summarize<br>PARTS OF SPEECH<br>1. NOUN<br>
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, idea, or quality.<br>Examples: John, Mary, boy, girl, children; Pasadena, CEC; classrooms, notebooks; freedom, intelligence; hope, anger, joy<br>2. PRONOUN<br>A pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun. The noun is called the "antecedent" (but an indefin!
ite
pronoun has no antecedent).<br>Examples:<br>a. Personal pronouns: I, mine, me; you, yours; he, his, him; she, hers, her; it, its; we, ours, us; they, theirs, them.<br>b. Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, what<br>
c. Relative pronouns (include): who, who, whose, which, that; whoever, whomever, whichever<br>d. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those<br>e. Indefinite pronouns (include): all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, no one, none, one, others, some, somebody, someone, such<br>
f. Intensive or reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves<br>3. VERB<br>A verb expresses an action or a condition (a state of being).<br>Examples: Robert will eat the hamburger. (action) Sara is happy. (condition or state of being)<br>
Robert won’t eat the hamburger. Sara isn’t happy.<br>Will Robert eat the hamburger? Is Sara happy?<br>4. ADVERBAn
adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs usually tell how (for example: slowly), when (e.g., lately), where (e.g., there), how much (e.g., very), or why (e.g., therefore).<br>Example: He always chews his gum loudly.<br>
5. ADJECTIVE<br>An adjective describes or limits a noun.<br>Examples: tall, young, pretty, light, blue, new, white (The tall, young, pretty girl is wearing a light blue dress with her new white shoes.) (NOT: ...a light dress blue with her new shoes white.)<br>
Adjectives and adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Examples:<br>Mary has a smart child. Sara has a smarter child. Nancy has the smartest child.<br>Robert is an intelligent student. William is more intelligent than Robert. Kim is the most intelligent student.<br>
The red car is expensive. The white car is less expensive. The blue car is the least expensive.<br>I’m a good painter. She’s a better painter. He’s the best painter.<br>I’m a bad!
singer.
She’s a worse singer. He’s the worst singer.<br>6. PREPOSITION<br>A preposition usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a sentence.<br>There are many prepositions, including: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, beside, besides, by, down, during, except, from, for, in, inside, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, out, out of, outside, over, past, round, since, than, through, till, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unless, until, upon, up, with, within, without.<br>
Examples: My pencil is under my desk by my foot. Martha drove from LA to NY.<br>7. CONJUNCTION<br>A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.<br>Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value: and, or, nor, but (and sometimes for). e.g., The dog and the cat are hungry.<br>
Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-!
but
also. e.g., Both the fish and the snake are thirsty.<br>Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with independent clauses). They include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when, where, while. e.g., After they ate, they had dessert.<br>
8. INTERJECTION<br>An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an exclamation mark.<br>Examples: Oh! Ah! Wow! Darn! Gosh! Golly! Gee! Ow! Ouch! Yikes! Holy moly! Yippee! Hooray! Boo! Whew!<br>
COMMON PHRASAL VERBS I<br>A. Separable Verbs<br>You can insert a noun or pronoun after the first word:<br>For example: “call back”<br>Noun: Call back John. = OK<br>Noun: Call John back. = OK<br>Pronoun: Call him back. = OK<br>
ask in (to invite inside)<br>ask out (to invite on a date)<br>back away (to move away)<br>back down (to move back)<br>back off (to move back)<br>break down (to separate into basic parts)<br>break off (to snap; to
cancel)<br>break in (a baseball glove)<br>break up (to separate)<br>bring about (a change)<br>bring back (the good old days)<br>bring down (the house)<br>bring up (the kids)<br>call back (to return a phone call)<br>call off (to cancel)<br>
call up (to phone)<br>check off (to notate)<br>check out (to investigate)<br>cheer up (to make happy)<br>clean off (the countertop)<br>clean out (the closet)<br>clean up (the mess)<br>cross off (to delete)<br>cross out (to delete)<br>
cross up (to deceive; to trick)<br>cut back (to diminish)<br>cut down (to diminish)<br>cut off (to remove)<br>cut out (to quit; to excise)<br>do in (to ruin; to exhaust)<br>do over (to repeat)<br>figure out (to solve)<br>
fill in (the blank spaces)<br>fill out (the application form)<br>fill up (the tank with gasoline)<br>finish off (to complete)<br>get out (the tools)<br>give back (to return)<br>give up (to turn over; to surrender)<br>hand in (your homework)<br>
hand out (the tests to the students)<br>hand over (!
all your
money)<br>hang up (your jacket)<br>keep out (to prevent entry)<br>keep out of (trouble)<br>keep up (the good work)<br>kick out (to remove)<br>kick out of (to remove)<br>kill off (all the cockroaches)<br>leave out (to omit)<br>
let in (to allow entry)<br>look over (to examine)<br>look up (a word in the dictionary)<br>make out (to discern)<br>make up (to fabricate)<br>name after (to give the same name to)<br>name for (to give the same name to)<br>
pass by (to go past without stopping)<br>pass out (to distribute)<br>pass over (to hand over)<br>pay back (the money you borrowed)<br>pick out (to select)<br>pick up (the litter; the check)<br>point out (to show)<br>point out to (to show)<br>
polish off (to finish)<br>put away (to remove)<br>put back (to replace)<br>put off (to delay)<br>put on (your shoes)<br>put out (the dog)<br>put up (the money)<br>quiet down (to be quiet)<br>rip off (to steal; to cheat)<br>
run out (the base hit)<br>shut down (the assembly line)<br>shut off (the
machine)<br>shut out (the other team)<br>shut up (to be quiet)<br>slow down (to reduce speed)<br>slow up (to reduce speed)<br>speed up (to increase speed)<br>stand up (to intentionally miss an appointment or date with someone)<br>
start up (to start)<br>take down (to dismantle)<br>take off (your shoes)<br>take on (to confront)<br>take out (the trash)<br>take over (the organization)<br>take up (golf)<br>talk over (to discuss)<br>tear down (to dismantle)<br>
tear off (a corner of the newspaper)<br>tear out (a page from your notebook)<br>tear up (the contract)<br>throw away (your old socks)<br>throw out (yesterday’s newspaper)<br>throw up (the ball)<br>try on (these shoes - maybe you’ll like them)<br>
try out (this golf club - maybe you’ll like it)<br>turn down (the offer)<br>turn in (your homework)<br>turn off (the lights)<br>turn on (the lights)<br>turn out (the lights)<br>turn up (the volume)<br>use up (to use completely)<br>
wake up (to awake)<br>warm up (the car engine)wear
out (to exhaust)<br>wipe off (the countertop)<br>wipe out (to annihilate)<br>write down (this information)<br>write off (to cancel)<br>write up (to report someone)<br>COMMON PHRASAL VERBS II<br>B. Inseparable Verbs<br>You cannot insert a noun or pronoun after the first word:<br>
For example: “look for”<br>John looked for Mary. = OK<br>John looked Mary for. = Not OK<br>John looked for her. = OK<br>John looked her for. = Not OK<br>*break down (to stop working)<br>call on (to visit)<br>*catch up (to overtake)<br>
catch up to (to overtake)<br>catch up with (to overtake)<br>check back with (to report to)<br>*check in (at a motel)<br>check in with (to notify)<br>check into (a motel)<br>check out of (a motel)<br>come across (to discover)<br>
*come back (to return)<br>*come over (to visit)<br>*come through (to succeed)<br>*come to (to regain consciousness)<br>cut down on (to reduce use of)<br>cut in (to insert yourself into a line of people)<br>do without (to have none of)<br>
*drop!
back
(to move back)<br>drop by (to visit)<br>*drop in (to visit)<br>drop in on (to visit)<br>*drop out (to quit)<br>drop out of (school; sight)<br>*drop over (to visit)<br>fool around with (to<br>get along with (your coworkers)<br>
*get back (move away from)<br>get in (the car)<br>get into (trouble; the car)<br>get off (the bus)<br>get off of (the bus)<br>get on (the bus)<br>get out of (the bus)<br>get over (the problem; the fence)<br>*get through (to finish)<br>
get through with (to finish)<br>*get up (to wake up; to get out of bed)<br>*go back (to return)<br>*go on (to continue)<br>go over (to review)<br>*grow up (to mature)<br>*hang on (or you might fall off)<br>*hush up (to be quiet)<br>
*keep on (to continue)<br>keep up with (to maintain progress with)<br>*let up (to ease off)<br>*lie down (to recline)<br>*listen up (to listen)<br>look after (to take care of)<br>look for (to search)<br>look into (to analyze)<br>
*look out (the window)<br>*move away (to distance oneself)<br>move !
away
from (to distance oneself)<br>*move back (to retreat)<br>move back to (to return)<br>move into (your new home)<br>*move out (to relocate)<br>move out of (your former apartment and move into your new apartment)<br>*pass away (to die)<br>
*pass on (to die)<br>put up (or shut up)<br>put up with (to tolerate)<br>run across (to meet)<br>run into (to meet)<br>run out (the clock)<br>run out of (time; money)<br>*sit down (to sit)<br>*show up (to appear)<br>*stand up (to stand)<br>
*stand out (to excel)<br>*stand up (to stand)<br>stay out of (trouble; jail)<br>take after (to mimic)<br>*take off (to depart)<br>talk about (to discuss)<br>*tear out of (to leave quickly)<br>think about (to consider; to ruminate; to cogitate)<br>
*throw up (to vomit)<br>*turn in (to go to bed)<br>*turn out (to appear)<br>*turn up (to appear)<br>wait on (to serve)<br>*warm down (after exercising)<br>*warm up (before exercising)<br>watch out for (snakes)<br>*work out (to exercise)<br>
work with (to help)<br>* =!
phrasal
verb is not followed by an object (noun or pronoun)<br>SPELLING RULES<br>1. For a single syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel – double the consonant:<br>swim; swimmer; swimming<br>rob, robber, robbed, robbing<br>
2. For a single syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by two vowels – do NOT double the consonant:<br>meet, meeting<br>pair, paired, pairing<br>3. For a multiple syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, if stress is on last syllable, double the consonant:<br>
prefer, preferred, preferring<br>4. For most words, add -s to the singular form to make it plural:<br>cat, cats; bell, bells; rose, roses<br>5. If a word ends in vowel + o, usually add -s to form the plural:<br>monkey, monkeys (BUT money, moneys, OR monies). If a word ends in a consonant + o, sometimes add -s:<br>
piano, pianos<br>OR sometimes add -es:<br>potato, potatoes<br>OR sometimes add either:<br>zero, zeros, zeroes<br>6. If !
a word
ends in f or fe, sometimes add -s to make it plural:<br>roof, roofs<br>OR sometimes change f or fe to -ves:<br>half, halves; wife, wives<br>OR sometimes add either:<br>scarf, scarfs, scarves<br>7. Add -es to the singular form when it ends in s, ss, ch, sh, x, z, or zz:<br>
bus, buses<br>kiss, kisses<br>church, churches<br>bush, bushes<br>ax, axes<br>waltz, waltzes<br>fizz, fizzes<br>8. Drop the final -e if a suffix* begins with a vowel:<br>desire, desiring, desirable<br>9. Keep the final -e if a suffix begins with a consonant:<br>
care + full = careful<br>complete + ly = completely<br>excite + ment = excitement<br>10. For a word that ends in a consonant + y, change the -y to -i for most suffixes:<br>pony, ponies<br>deny, denies<br>denied<br>11. If a word ends in -ay, -ey, -oy, form the plural by simply adding -s:<br>
ray, rays<br>valley, valleys<br>toy, toys<br>12. Sometimes you change -ie to -y before -ing:<br>die, died, dying<br>lie, lied, lying<br>13. The sound of “shun”!
has
several different spellings:<br>solution, occasion, mission, musician, Dalmatian, crucifixion<br>14. The following prefixes** give negative meaning to the original word:<br>unhappy<br>invisible<br>illegal<br>impolite<br>
irregular<br>*A suffix is a word ending. It changes the part of speech of the word, but does not change the meaning of the original (“root”) word entirely: see, seeing;<br>act, actor<br>beauty, beautiful<br>equip, equipment<br>
** A prefix is a word beginning. It changes the meaning of the original (“root”) word:<br>review<br>preview<br>foresee<br>coworker<br>Singular, Plural of some words<br>alumna, alumnae<br>alumnus, alumni<br>analysis, analyses<br>
auditorium, auditoriums<br>bacterium, bacteria<br>box, boxes<br>child, children<br>crisis, crises<br>crisis, crises<br>deer, deer/deers<br>fish, fish/fishes<br>foot, feet<br>fungo, fungoes<br>goose, geese<br>house, houses<br>
man, men<br>milk, –<br>mother-in-law, mothers-in-law<br>mouse, mice<br>ox, oxen!
<br>–,
pants<br>–, people<br>physics, –<br>–, scissors<br>sheep, –<br>sock, socks/sox<br>tooth, teeth<br>woman, women<br>PUNCTUATION MARKS<br>Punctuation marks on a page are similar to signs on a road. They guide you and direct you.<br>
1. A period ( . ) ends a declarative or imperative sentence.<br>I live in Pasadena. They don’t live in Pasadena.<br>Listen to me. Don’t drink and drive. Please come here. Eat your vegetables.<br>2. A question mark ( ? ) ends an interrogative sentence.<br>
Do you live in Pasadena? Don’t you like chocolate ice cream?<br>3. An exclamation mark ( ! ) ends an exclamatory sentence (a sentence that contains a lot of emotion).<br>Help! Stop! Don’t call me again!<br>4. A comma ( , ) separates items in a list.<br>
I like coffee, soda, milk, and tea. Sara, Maria, Robert and Steven will eat lunch.<br>5. A semicolon separates equal parts of a sentence.<br>Mary is at home; Bob is at school.<br>Give me a hamburger, with onions and lettuce; a coke, wit!
h a
straw; and fries, with ketchup.<br>6. A colon ( : ) usually precedes a list.<br>Bring these things with you: a book, a pencil, and a dictionary.<br>7. A dash ( – ) usually indicates a break in thought.<br>I’ll have a hot dog with mustard – no, make that ketchup.<br>
8. A hyphen ( - ) separates syllables to make a word easier to read.<br>co-ordinate re-elect pray-er<br>A hyphen also separates syllables when it’s necessary to continue a word on the follow-<br>ing line.<br>9. Parentheses ( ) or a pair of dashes contain extra information.<br>
John (my brother) is coming to the party.<br>John – my brother – is coming to the party.<br>10. An ellipsis (...) shows that information is missing or deleted.<br>“To be or not...the question.” (“To be or not to be. That is the question.”)<br>
11. Quotation marks (“ ”) enclose the exact words of a person.<br>Maria said, “Where are the keys?”<br>12. An apostrophe ( ’ ) is a substitute for a letter or letters (in a
contraction).<br>isn’t = is not can’t = cannot don’t = do not I’ll = I will I’m = I am He’s sick. = He is sick.<br>Bob’s rich. = Bob is rich. What’s new? = What is new? They’ve worked. = They have worked.<br>’99 = 1999<br>
An apostrophe also shows possession.<br>This is Sara’s book. (Don’t say: This is the book of Sara.) Where is the dog’s dish?<br>14. Begin all sentences with a capital letter (i.e., capitalize the first word in all sentences) and end all sentences with a punctuation mark. =<br>
Capitalize the first word in a sentence and finish the sentence with a punctuation mark.<br>MATHEMATICAl OPERATIONS<br>Remember what each sign signifies:<br>+ means plus, or and, or added to: 2 + 3 = 5 reads: 2 plus 3 is 5, or 2 and 3 is 5, or 2 plus 3 equals 5, or 3 added to 2 is 5, or 2 plus 3 is 5.<br>
– means minus, or less, or subtracted from: 6 – 4 = 2 reads: 6 minus 4 is 2, or 6 less 4 is 2, or 4 subtracted from 6 is 2, or 6 minus 4 equals 2.<br>x me!
ans
times, or multiplied by: 2 x 3 = 6 reads: 2 times 3 is 6, or 2 multiplied by 3 is 6, or 2 times 3 equals 6.<br>÷ means divided by, or goes into: 8 ÷ 2 = 4 reads: 8 divided by 2 is 4, or 2 goes into 8 4 times, or 8 divided by 2 equals 4.<br>
1. Addition means to add. Add 2 and 2 and you get 4. 2 + 2 = 4 (2 PLUS 2 is 4) or (2 AND 2 is 4)<br>2. Subtraction means to subtract. Subtract 4 from 9 and you get 5. 9 - 4 = 5 (9 MINUS 4 is 5)<br>3. Multiplication means to multiply. Multiply 3 by 4 and you get 12. 4 X 3 = 12 (4 TIMES 3 is 12)<br>
4. Division means to divide. Divide 18 by 6 and you get 3. 18 ÷ 6 = 3 (18 DIVIDED BY 6 is 3)<br>5. = is the equals sign (say is or are or equal or equals)<br>+ is the plus sign (say plus or and)<br>- or – is the minus sign (say minus, or subtracted from: 4 subtracted from 9 is 5)<br>
X or x is the times sign (say times, or multiplied by: 3 multiplied by 4 is 12)<br>÷ is the division sign (say divided by,or goes into: 6 goes into 18 three time!
s)<br>.
is the decimal point or decimal or point (say point: 3.7 = 3 POINT 7, NOT 3 decimal point 7,<br>NOT 3 decimal 7)<br>6. Fractions (e.g., 1/5) and Decimals (e.g., 0.2)<br>1/5 = one-fifth = .2 = two-tenths<br>1/4 = one-fourth = .25 = 25 hundredths<br>
1/3 = one-third = .33 = 33 hundredths<br>1/2 = one-half = .5 = five-tenths<br>2/3 = two-thirds<br>3/4 = three-fourths<br>1 1/2 = one and a half OR one and one-half = 1.5 = one point five<br>TITLES<br>Mr. = Mister = man (married, single, divorced, widowed)<br>
Mrs. (say Miss-uz) = woman (married, divorced, widowed)<br>Ms. (say Mizz) = woman (married, single, divorced, widowed)<br>Miss = woman (single) or girl<br>Master = boy<br>TIME<br>1. What time is it? I don’t know.<br>What time is it? It’s 7 o’clock.<br>
2. Do you have the time? No, I don’t.<br>Do you have the time? Yes, it’s 7 o’clock.<br>3. Do you know what time it is? No, I don’t.<br>Do you know what time it is? Yes, it’s 7 o’clock.<br>4. It’s noon. = It’s!
12 pm.
= It’s 12:00 pm. = It’s high noon.<br>5. It’s midnight. = It’s 12 am. = It’s 12:00 am.<br>6. It’s 7 o’clock. = It’s 7:00.<br>7. am = before noon. It’s 7 am. = It’s 7 in the morning.<br>8. pm = after noon. It’s 7 pm. = It’s 7 in the evening.<br>
9. How to tell time<br>The easy way: number of complete hours + number of minutes 7 hours +11 minutes = 7:11<br>(Do not say 7 hours :11 minutes. Say the numbers only: 7:11)<br>The hard way: number of minutes + a word + the number of hours<br>
11 past 7 OR 11 after 7 = 7:11<br>. Say past or after when the minute hand points between 0 and 30 minutes. Say to, of, till, until, or before when the minute hand points between 30 and 60 minutes.<br>DIRECTIONS<br>- Excuse me. How do I get to Targit from CEC?<br>
- Take Colorado Boulevard west to Lake Avenue. Targit is on the north side of Colorado about 2 blocks past Lake.<br>- Pardon me. Do you know where Targit is?<br>- Yes. Go west on Colorado Boulevard past Lake Avenue!
. It’s
about 2 blocks after Lake, on the north side of Colorado.<br>...................................................<br>•San Francisco N<br>NW NE<br>•LA •Phoenix W E<br>SW SE<br>•San Diego S<br>San Francisco is north of Los Angeles.<br>
San Diego is south of Los Angeles.<br>Phoenix is east of Los Angeles.<br>Los Angeles is west of Phoenix.<br>Phoenix is northeast of San Diego.<br>Phoenix is southeast of San Francisco.<br>San Diego is southwest of Phoenix.<br>
San Francisco is northwest of Phoenix.<br>......................................<br>Union 88 • • Barco<br>Foss • • Moonbucks<br>Union 88 is on the northwest corner of the intersection.<br>Barco is on the northeast corner of the intersection.<br>
Foss is on the southwest corner of the intersection.<br>Moonbucks is on the southeast corner of the intersection.<br>................................................<br>How do I get to the main office?<br>Go straight ahead. = It’s straight ahead.<br>
Go down the hall !
and turn
left. = Go down the hall and make a left.<br>Go past the library and turn right. = Go past the library and make a right.<br>Turn left at the end of the hall. = Make a left at the end of the hall.<br>MEASURES<br>12 inches = 1 foot 8 ounces = 1 cup<br>
3 feet = 1 yard 2 cups = 1 pint<br>5,280 feet = 1 mile 2 pints = 1 quart<br>16 ounces = 1 pound 4 quarts = 1 gallon<br>2,000 pounds = 1 ton 1 gallon of water = 8 pounds<br>1 acre = 208.7 feet per side<br>MONEY<br>$ = dollar sign<br>
¢ = cent sign<br>$1 = $1.00 = one dollar<br>50¢ = 50 cents = $ .50 = half a dollar = a half dollar<br>$1.50 = a dollar fifty = one fifty =one and a half dollars $1.50¢ 150¢<br>1¢ = a penny 5¢ = a nickel 10¢ = a dime 25¢ = a quarter<br>
Adjective vs. Adverb Review<br>Adjectives describe nouns (things).<br>My dog is slow.<br>Slow is an adjective since it describes the subject (my dog).<br>How is my dog? Slow<br>Adverbs describe verbs (actions).<br>My dog eats slowly.<br>
Slowly is an adverb since it
describes the way my dog eats.<br>How does my dog eat? Slowly.<br>Adverbs -LY<br>Adverbs are normally formed by adding -LY to the end of an adjective.<br>E.g. Quick - Quickly<br>For adjectives that end in -l or -e, we simply add -ly:<br>
special + ly<br>= specially<br>terminal + ly<br>= terminally<br>literal + ly<br>= literally<br>nice + ly<br>= nicely<br>polite + ly<br>= politely<br>There are of course some expectations:<br>true<br>truly<br>whole<br>wholly<br>
due<br>duly<br>full<br>fully<br>Adverbs ending in -Y<br>For adjectives that end in -y, we remove the -y and add -ily:<br>crazy<br>crazily<br>happy<br>happily<br>Adverbs ending in -LE<br>For adjectives that end in a consonant + le we remove the -e and add -y:<br>
terrible<br>terribly<br>horrible<br>horribly<br>noble<br>nobly<br>idle<br>idly<br>Adverbs ending in -IC<br>If the adjective ends in -ic, we add -ally:<br>ironic<br>ironically<br>enthusiastic<br>enthusiastically<br>realistic<br>
realistically<br>Except: public -
publicly<br>Irregular Adverbs<br>Some adverbs, are irregular:<br>Adjective<br>Adverb<br>Example<br>fast<br>fast<br>The man drives very fast (quickly).<br>good<br>well<br>You speak English very well.</i><br> </div>
<p style="margin: 0pt; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em;">Edited at 4:53 AM on March 31, 2009</p>
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<h2 style="margin: 0pt; font-size: 1.1em; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://wiki.openid.net/english-paper?r=notification" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102);" name="1205c8d3ab88e641_page-english paper" target="_blank">english paper</a></h2>
<p style="margin: 0.5em 0pt 0pt; font-size: 0.8em; color: rgb(119, 119, 119);">added by Eknath (<a href="mailto:epawde@mypbwiki.com" target="_blank">epawde@mypbwiki.com</a>)</p>
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<p><a href="http://March-18%2C-2009-OpenID-Board-Call-Minutes" target="_blank">March 18, 2009 OpenID Board Call Minutes</a> english paper</p>
<p> </p>
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<p style="margin: 0pt; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 0.75em;">Added at 4:43 AM on March 31, 2009</p>
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</div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>--Breno<br><br>+1 (650) 214-1007 desk<br>+1 (408) 212-0135 (Grand Central)<br>MTV-41-3 : 383-A <br>PST (GMT-8) / PDT(GMT-7)<br>